A Chip-scale Space-time Multiplexed Gaussian Boson Sampling Processor Beyond 10,000 Photons

arXiv:2609.11922

Yu-Xuan Fu, He-Yu Shen, Ke-Ming Hu, Jun-Jie He, Yun-Long Nie, Hang Song, Bao-Jing Liu, Le-Si Yang, Xiao-Yu Wu, Pei-Lin Du, Yu-Ze Zhu, Yi Xie, De-Hui Huang, Yu-Fei Liu, Hai Yan, Jin-Hong Chen, Yu-Lin Yu, Chuan-Yan Peng, Wen-Hao Zhou, Feng Lu, Yu-Quan Peng, Chen-Shuo Xia, Zhi-Chao Wang, Zhe-Han Li, Lin Chen, Chao-Yang Zhang, Chun-Yan Jin, Yan-Rong Zong, Xiao-Yun Xu, Jian-Peng Dou, Xiao-Tian Fang, Pei-Qi Zhou, Hao Tang, Chang-Shun Wang, Lin Yang, Xian-Min Jin

Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) has emerged as a leading photonic paradigmfor demonstrating quantum computational advantage. Nevertheless, state-ofthe-art GBS setups face practical barriers including stringent optical alignment, phase instability, and limited programmability, which impede scalable engineering deployment. The chip-scale space-time multiplexed architecturepromises to resolve these constraints, yet it strongly demands wafer-scale chipcapabilities to simultaneously satisfy stringent requirements on low loss, highprecision and high-speed modulation. Here we report the first chip-scale spacetime multiplexed GBS system, monolithically integrating high-speed electrooptic modulators, on-chip delay lines, and a time-space multiplexed interferometric network on a thin-film lithium niobate chip, operating at a 4-GHz clockrate with detection events of up to 11,059 photons within 1 millisecond. Beyond benchmarking quantum advantage, we further reconfigure the photonichardware into a GBS-powered world model for modelling physical dynamics,which achieves lower prediction error with fewer trainable readout parameters compared with a classical echo state network (ESN) baseline. Our resultsvalidate the feasibility of our endeavor towards scalable photonic quantumhardware, and pave the way for the versatile programmable applications offuture GBS quantum systems.